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In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow. The (dimensionless) Reynolds number characterizes whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent flow; e.g. for pipe flow, a Reynolds number above about 4000 (A Reynolds number between 2100 and 4000 is known as transitional flow) will be turbulent. At very low speeds the flow is laminar, i.e., the flow is smooth (though it may involve vortices on a large scale). As the speed increases, at some point the transition is made to turbulent flow. In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Because laminar-turbulent transition is governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased.

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Blogs for Turbulence

Turbulence Forecast Blog

Reporting on Turbulence ... Turbulence Forecast Blog. Turbulence leaves woman paralyzed. Article ... A stunning amount of severe turbulence on the east coast ...www.turbulenceforecast.com/blog/

Networked_Performance

... (N_P) is a research blog that focuses on emerging network ... Turbulence Works. These are some of the latest works commissioned by Turbulence.org's ...transition.turbulence.org/blog/

Turbulence | Symscape

Today we understand turbulence well enough so that airplanes don't fall from the ... Rich Smith's blog. Add new comment. Wired Article ...www.symscape.com/blog/turbulence

Turbulence Training

Turbulence ... CB's Blog at Menshealth.com. Diet Debunker: The Truth About the ... TT Member's Blog. My RSS Feed. Get more web site traffic. Feedburner ...www.turbulencetraining.blogspot.com/

April 2008 - Turbulence Forecast Blog

... browsing the articles from Turbulence Forecast Blog written in the month of April 2008. ... turbulence avoidance strategy, as seen in previous blog posts ...www.turbulenceforecast.com/blog/2008/04/

Wikipedia About Turbulence

Turbulence.jpg

Los%20Angeles%20attack%20sub%202.jpg

Airplane%20vortex%20edit.jpg

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow. The (dimensionless) Reynolds number characterizes whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent flow; e.g. for pipe flow, a Reynolds number above about 4000 (A Reynolds number between 2100 and 4000 is known as transitional flow) will be turbulent. At very low speeds the flow is laminar, i.e., the flow is smooth (though it may involve vortices on a large scale). As the speed increases, at some point the transition is made to turbulent flow. In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Because laminar-turbulent transition is governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased.

Turbulence causes the formation of eddies of many different length scales. Most of the kinetic energy of the turbulent motion is contained in the large scale structures. The energy "cascades" from these large scale structures to smaller scale structures by an inertial and essentially inviscid mechanism. This process continues, creating smaller and smaller structures which produces a hierarchy of eddies. Eventually this process creates structures that are small enough that molecular diffusion becomes important and viscous dissipation of energy finally takes place. The scale at which this happens is the Kolmogorov length scale.

In two dimensional turbulence (as can be approximated in the atmosphere or ocean), energy actually flows to larger scales. This is referred to as the inverse energy cascade and is characterized by a k^{-(5/3)} in the power spectrum. This is the main reason why large scale weather features such as hurricanes occur.

Turbulent diffusion is usually described by a turbulent diffusion coefficient. This turbulent diffusion coefficient is defined in a phenomenological sense, by analogy with the molecular diffusivities, but it does not have a true physical meaning, being dependent on the flow conditions, and not a property of the fluid, itself. In addition, the turbulent diffusivity concept assumes a constitutive relation between a turbulent flux and the gradient of a mean variable similar to the relation between flux and gradient that exists for molecular transport. In the best case, this assumption is only an approximation. Nevertheless, the turbulent diffusivity is the simplest approach for quantitative analysis of turbulent flows, and many models have been postulated to calculate it. For instance, in large bodies of water like oceans this coefficient can be found using Richardson's four-third power law and is governed by the random walk principle. In rivers and large ocean currents, the diffusion coefficient is given by variations of Elder's formula.

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News about Turbulence

Pope urges Jordan Catholics to keep faith

Times of MaltaPope Benedict urged Jordan's tiny Catholic community on Sunday to preserve their ancient faith and traditions amid the turbulence of the Middle East and work with other religions to enrich their daily lives.http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090510/world-new...

Pope urges Jordan Catholics to keep faith amid strife

Reuters via Yahoo!Xtra NewsAMMAN (Reuters) - Pope Benedict urged Jordan's tiny Catholic community on Sunday to preserve their ancient faith and traditions amid the turbulence of the Middle East and work with other religions to enrich their daily lives.http://nz.news.yahoo.com/a/-/world/5556735/pope-urges-jordan...

14 hurt as plane forced to land early

The ScotsmanGERMAN airline Lufthansa said 12 passengers and two crew members were slightly injured when a plane flying to Portugal encountered turbulence over the Alps on Saturday night.http://news.scotsman.com/world/14-hurt-as-plane-forced.52525...

Pope exhorts Jordan Catholics to keep faith amid strife

The Malaysian InsiderAMMAN, May 10 – Pope Benedict urged Jordan’s tiny Catholic community on Sunday to preserve their ancient faith and traditions amid the turbulence of the Middle East and work with other religions to enrich their daily lives. Christians should show love and service for others to counter ideologies that justify taking innocent lives, he said in an Amman stadium attended by about 25,000, mostly .....http://www.themalaysianinsider.com.my/index.php/world/26037-...

10 hurt on Lufthansa flight

News 24 South AfricaHeavy turbulence during a Lufthansa flight from Munich to Lisbon has injured 10 people and forced the plane to land in Switzerland.http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2514055...

News about Turbulence

Way To Control Chaos? Rigid Structure Discovered In Center Of Air ...

Science DailyScienceDaily (May 7, 2009) — Pioneering mathematical engineers have discovered for the first time a rigid structure which exists within the centre of turbulence, leading to hope that its chaotic movement could be controlled in the future. Dr Sotos ... http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090505061947.ht...

'Next Day Air' hits turbulence

News-DemocratThere's no honor among thieves in "Next Day Air," a dopey, bloody and downbeat "Black Pineapple Express." The laughs come easily enough. But the violence and grim finale drag this coke-deal-gone-wrong comedy into a hole it can't giggle its way out of ... http://www.bnd.com/yourlife/story/760607.html

Turbulence surrounds Notre Dame 'abortion plane'

WorldNetDailyBut a new kind of buzz may be getting in the way of scoring good grades, and it's not illegal (yet, anyway). For the past 10 days the Center for Bio-Ethical Reform has been conducting an air and land campaign in, around and over the Notre Dame campus ... http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=9...

Contest to decide future of flight

StuffPassenger planes are separated by minimum distances depending on their size to reduce the risk of collision and prevent turbulence from the wingtips of those directly in front. A collision with a flock of geese was blamed for the loss of power that ... http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/2401335/Contest-to-decide-...

A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope

CBS NewsHuge ground-based telescopes using computer-controlled adaptive optics, which can compensate for turbulence in the atmosphere, rival or exceed Hubble's vision in some areas. But Hubble's resolution, "the sharpness of its vision, is really ... http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/125/125_HST_histor...

Search results for Turbulence

Turbulence Forecast - Air turbulence maps and forecasts

Air turbulence forecasts and maps. Check for turbulence potential before your flight.http://www.turbulenceforecast.com/

TURBULENCE

This content requires the Adobe Flash Player. Get Flash There are no templates, no assembly lines, no magic elves doing our work while we kick back in the South Florida sun.http://turbulenceadvertising.com

Turbulence on MySpace Music - Free Streaming MP3s, Pictures & Music ...

MySpace Music profile for Turbulence. Download Turbulence Reggae / / music singles, watch music videos, listen to free streaming mp3s, & read Turbulence's blog.http://www.myspace.com/turbulence87

MGM.com : Official website of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. - Ars Gratia ...

MGM Studios; Employment; Unsubscribe; Privacy Policy; Terms of Use; TM & © 2000-2009 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. All Rights Reserved.http://www.turbulence.com/

turbulence - Definition of turbulence at YourDictionary.com

the condition or quality of being turbulent; specif., commotion or wild disorder; violent, irregular motion or swirling agitation of water, air, gas, etc.http://www.yourdictionary.com/turbulence

Wikipedia results for Turbulence

Turbulence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence

Wake turbulence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wake turbulence is turbulence that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air. This turbulence includes various components, the most important of which are wingtip ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_turbulence

Turbulence (CSI: NY episode) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Turbulence is the third episode in the fifth season of the popular American crime drama CSI: NY. The episode first aired on October 8, 2008. Plothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence_(CSI:_NY_episode)

Turbulence (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Turbulence is a phenomenon studied in fluid dynamics, involving the irregular motion of air. Wake turbulence; Wave turbulence; Turbulence may also refer to:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence_(disambiguation)

Clear-air turbulence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Clear air turbulence weather, sometimes colloquially referred to as "air pockets", is the erratic movement of air masses in the absence of any visual cues, such as clouds.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_air_turbulence
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Maxim Turbulence - Jede Jede Mašin...

Maxim Turbulence - Jede Jede MašinkaMaxim Turbulence - Jede Jede MašinkaFlash - Video

Economic Turbulence Shakes Up JetBl...

Economic Turbulence Shakes Up JetBlue05/28/08 JetBlue Airways Corporation announced that due to an economic slowdown and high fuel prices, they will delay purchasing more planes for 4 to 5 years.Flash - Video

Time Warp Air Turbulence on Discove...

Time Warp Air Turbulence on Discovery ChannelSlow motion video of air turbulence. Watch Time Warp on the Discovery Channel Wednesdays at 8pm ET/PTVideo - Video

The Big Bang Theory : The Classifie...

The Big Bang Theory : The Classified Materials TurbulenceThe Big Bang Theory : The Classified Materials TurbulenceVideo - Video

Smallville - 8x16 - Turbulence PROM...

Smallville - 8x16 - Turbulence PROMO [HD]Here is the promo to the smallville episode Turbulence.. Smallville Season 8 Episode 16 Honours for this vid (March 14th '09): #61 - Most Discussed (Today) - Australia #8 - Most...Flash - Video

Answers for Turbulence

♥ Emz ♥Turbulence...?♥ Emz ♥Turbulence is caused by different masses of air moving in different directions or at different speeds. Turbulence is often associated with heavy clouds and storms, but not always. An airplane flyi...b_radgmoCan turbulence take an airliner out of the sky?b_radgmoTo be blunt, yes, turbulance can take an airliner out of the sky... It would happen by either overstressing the wings and causing them to break off... Or by causing a roll that would result in a h...Person555Is turbulence anything to be afraid off? And what can i do to help me relax while on a plane?Person555Turbulence occurs when masses of air moving in different directions and/or at different speeds mix with each other. At the boundary where they mix, the air swishes around, producing turbulence. Wh...FLY BoyHow do pilots cope with wake turbulence?FLY BoyBy anticipating it and not flying into it. By knowing spin and stall recovery by instinct. By learning to pray if you are less than 500' when you hit it. Its alot more than annoying if you are on f...baila77How much TURBULENCE can commercial airplanes handle?baila77A lot. Don't worry. No commercial aircraft ever broke up because of turbulence although injuries have occured to passengers that weren't wearing seat belts.
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