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Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as a human, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity) such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large.

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Wikipedia about Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as a human, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity) such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large.

A central concept of toxicology is that effects are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in large enough doses, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect.

Types of toxicity

There are generally three types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, and physical.

  • Chemicals include inorganic substances such as lead, hydrofluoric acid, and chlorine gas, organic compounds such as methyl alcohol, most medications, and poisons from living things.
  • Biological toxic entities include those bacteria and viruses that are able to induce disease in living organisms. Biological toxicity can be complicated to measure because the "threshold dose" may be a single organism. Theoretically one virus, bacterium or worm can reproduce to cause a serious infection. However, in a host with an intact immune system the inherent toxicity of the organism is balanced by the host's ability to fight back; the effective toxicity is then a combination of both parts of the relationship. A similar situation is also present with other types of toxic agents.
  • Physically toxic entities include things not usually thought of under the heading of "toxic" by many people: direct blows, concussion, sound and vibration, heat and cold, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light, and ionizing radiation such as X-rays and alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

Toxicity can be measured by the effects on the target (organism, organ, tissue or cell). Because individuals typically have different levels of response to the same dose of a toxin, a population-level measure of toxicity is often used which relates the probability of an outcome for a given individual in a population. One such measure is the LD50. When such data does not exist, estimates are made by comparison to known similar toxic things, or to similar exposures in similar organisms. Then "safety factors" are added to account for uncertainties in data and evaluation processes. For example, if a dose of toxin is safe for a laboratory rat, one might assume that one tenth that dose would be safe for a human, allowing a safety factor of 10 to allow for interspecies differences between two mammals; if the data are from fish, one might use a factor of 100 to account for the greater difference between two chordate classes (fish and mammals). Similarly, an extra protection factor may be used for individuals believed to be more susceptible to toxic effects such as in pregnancy or with certain diseases. Or, a newly synthesized and previously unstudied chemical that is believed to be very similar in effect to another compound could be assigned an additional protection factor of 10 to account for possible differences in effects that are probably much smaller. Obviously, this approach is very approximate; but such protection factors are deliberately very conservative and the method has been found to be useful in a wide variety of applications.

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Toxicity of Pesticides

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Online Medical Dictionary and glossary with medical definitions ... Toxicity can be acute, subchronic, or chronic: Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in ...www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=34093

Toxicity

Inorganic, ionic mercury can produce severe acute toxicity. ... Systemic toxicity may begin within a few hours after exposure to mercury and last for days. ...www.nomercury.org/atsdr.htm

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Guidance for Industry: Considerations for Developmental Toxicity Studies for Preventive and Therapeutic Vaccines for Infectious Disease Indicationswww.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/reprotox.htm

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Latest Research Supports New AIDS Drug

MedicineNet.comTitle: Latest Research Supports New AIDS Drug Category: Health News Created: 10/2/2008 2:00:00 AM Last Editorial Review: 10/2/2008http://www.medicinenet.com/guide.asp?s=rss&k=DailyHealth&a=9...

Officials warn against moonflowers

Denver PostFive adolescents in Jefferson County have been sickened by moonflowers since Sept. 8, and health officials are warning people of the dangers of the flowers.http://www.denverpost.com/ci_10618961?source=rss

How to build crops that can beat aluminum's toxic effects

EurekAlert!( Cell Press ) Researchers may have found the key to engineering plants capable of thriving in environments laden with toxic aluminum, according to a report published online on Oct. 2 in Current Biology, a Cell Press publication. Aluminum -- a metal that is generally plentiful in the earth's crust -- causes particular problems for farmers in South America, Africa, and Indonesia, where acidic ...http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-10/cp-htb092508....

Pfizer drug helps advanced HIV at 48-week mark

Reuters via Yahoo! News The Pfizer Inc. AIDS drug maraviroc helps thwart the HIV virus in nearly half of people who have developed resistance to other treatments, according to two related studies published on Wednesday.http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20081001/hl_nm/us_aids_maraviroc_...

Latest Research Supports New AIDS Drug

HealthDay via Yahoo! News WEDNESDAY, Oct. 1 (HealthDay News) -- New research offers more evidence that a new class of AIDS drug can provide major benefits for certain patients who have become immune to existing medications.http://news.yahoo.com/s/hsn/20081001/hl_hsn/latestresearchsu...

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How much thiamin is needed to feed at 60 percent DDGS?

Farm And Ranch GuideSulfur toxicity can also lead to polio. According to the National Research Council, finishing lamb diets should contain only 0.4 percent total dietary sulfur.http://www.farmandranchguide.com/articles/2008/09/11/ag_news...

Calando Pharmaceuticals Phase II Clinical Study Opens to Patient ...

ForbesIT-101, a conjugate of camptothecin and Insert's proprietary cyclodextrin polymer nanoparticle, Cyclosert(TM), has demonstrated a highly favorable toxicity profile and pharmacokinetic characteristics.http://www.forbes.com/businesswire/feeds/businesswire/2008/0...

Xel Pharmaceuticals Announces Successful Completion of Prototype Once ...

ForbesAdditionally, Huperzine A has anti-oxidative properties and possesses neuro-protective properties against glutamate that induce neuronal toxicity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.http://www.forbes.com/businesswire/feeds/businesswire/2008/0...

Uranium mining poses environmental risk

Globe and MailUranium toxicity. In addition to radiotoxicity, uranium has considerable chemical toxicity – comparable to that of lead and arsenic. For natural uranium the chemical toxicity is more significant than radiotoxicity.http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080908....

Norwegian wealth fund sells stake in Rio Tinto

Times OnlineIt said that up to 70 per cent of aquatic life was suffering from chronic toxicity. A spokesman for Rio Tinto said: “We work closely with Freeport and are comfortable with the work they have done at Grasberg.http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sect...

Search results for Toxicity

Toxicity - Definitions from Dictionary.com

noun, plural -ties. the quality, relative degree, or specific degree of being toxic or poisonous: to determine the toxicity of arsenic.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Toxicity

Toxicity - Guild Wars Wiki (GWW)

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Toxicity In America

Toxicity In America ... Toxicity In America. From National Geographic October, 2006 Click here to Read Morehttp://toxicityinamerica.com

Toxicity definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular ...

Online Medical Dictionary and glossary with medical definitions ... Definition of Toxicity. Toxicity: The degree to which a substance can harm humans or animals.http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=34093

Toxicity - Encyclopedia of Earth

Toxicity is complex with many influencing factors; dosage is the most important. Xenobiotics, or chemicals foreign to the body, cause many types of toxicity by a variety of ... http://www.eoearth.org/article/Toxicity
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Answers for Toxicity

ayaz_kaish

what are the effects of cadmium toxicity on the catfish blood ?

ayaz_kaishCadmium can cause damage to all types of body cells. By damaging the cell membrane, cadmium increases the permeability of the cells, one of the consequences being that the transfer of other heavy meta...
alphabravotango

Where to find information on drugs which development was abandoned because of toxicity?

alphabravotangohttp://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/products.htm or http://www.drugavoid.com/dangerousdrugs.html
mudpuppy72

How do you reverse vitamin a toxicity in a bearded dragon?

mudpuppy72Hmmm, How often have you given it to him? Beardies do need vitamin supplement also if the beardie is young it is more important. Calcium is a must every feeding, vitamins reduce the amount you give...
Evariste G

When is the earliest onset of liver toxicity associated with INH after start of medication?

Evariste G
Niya

Vitamin A in the form of Retinyl Acetate - Can it cause toxicity?

NiyaYes

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