In most mammals, the stomach is a hollow, muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract (digestive system), between the throat and the small intestine. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication (chewing). The word stomach is derived from the Latin stomachus, which derives from the Greek word stomachos ( ). The words gastro- and gastric (meaning related to the stomach) are both derived from the Greek word gaster ( ).
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This article is primarily about the human stomach, though the information about its processes are directly applicable to most mammals. A notable exception to this is cows. For information about the stomach of cows, buffalo and similar mammals, see ruminants.
Anatomy of the human stomach
The stomach lies between the esophagus (food and liquid throat tube) and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is on the left side of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying beneath the stomach is the pancreas, and the greater omentum which hangs from the greater curvature.
Two smooth muscle valves, or sphincters, keep the contents of the stomach contained. They are the esophageal sphincter (found in the cardiac region) dividing the tract above, and the Pyloric sphincter dividing the stomach from the small intestine.
The stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic (stimulant) and orthosympathetic (inhibitor) plexuses (network of blood vessels and nerves in the anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretions activity and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles.
In humans, the stomach has a relaxed, empty volume of about 45 ml. It generally expands to hold about 1 litre of food, but can hold as much as 1.5 liters.
Sections
The stomach is divided into four sections, each of which has different cells and functions. The sections are:
Blood supply
The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by the right gastric artery inferiorly, and the left gastric artery superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery inferiorly and the left gastroepiploic artery superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, are supplied by the short gastric artery..
Like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the stomach walls are made of the following layers, from inside to outside:
Glands
The epithelium of the stomach forms deep pits. The glands at these locations are named for the corresponding part of the stomach:
