Speech is conveniently located midway between thought and action, where it often substitutes for both.

Speech refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of sounds used in spoken language. A number of academic disciplines study speech and speech sounds, including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, otolaryngology and computer science. While human communication is the most often form of noted animal speech, there are numerous animal species that are capable of vocalization and speech, including primates, cetacea, canids and even amphibians.

Speech perception

main: Speech perception Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language. Speech research has applications in building computer systems that can recognize speech, as well as improving speech recognition for hearing- and language-impaired listeners.

Problems involving speech

There are several biological and psychological factors that can affect speech. Among these are:

1. Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections, vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and throat.
2. Diseases and disorders of the brain, including alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speech processing disorders, where impaired motor planning, nerve transmission, phonological processing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production.
3. Hearing problems, such as otitis media effusion and auditory processing disorder can lead to phonological problems.
4. Articulatory problems, such as stuttering, lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage leading to problems in articulation. Tourette syndrome and tics can also affect speech. A lot of people also have a slur in their voice
5. In addition to dysphasia, anomia and auditory processing disorder can impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression. Those who are Hard of Hearing or deaf may be considered to fall into this category.

See also

• Esophageal speech
• Speech synthesis
• Speech recognition
• Speech encoding
• Speech delay
• Auditory Processing Disorder
• Freedom of speech
• Right speech
• Vocalization
• Oracy
• phonation
• human voice
• vocology
• Microsoft Sam

References

• C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Pacific Giant Salamander: Dicamptodon ensatus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
• National Geographic Society. 1982. Research reports: v.14, Published by the U.S. National Geographic Society
• Philip Hershkovitz. 1977. Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini): with an introduction to Primates, 1132 pages, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226327884, 9780226327884