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Necrosis (from the Greek νεκρός, "dead") is the name given to premature death of cells and living tissue. Necrosis is caused by external factors, such as infection, toxins, or trauma. This is in contrast to apoptosis, which is a naturally occurring cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental, and can be fatal.

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necrosis (tissue death) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia

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Wikipedia About Necrosis

Necrosis (from the Greek νεκρός, "dead") is the name given to premature death of cells and living tissue. Necrosis is caused by external factors, such as infection, toxins, or trauma. This is in contrast to apoptosis, which is a naturally occurring cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental, and can be fatal.

Cells which die due to necrosis do not usually send the same chemical signals to the immune system that cells undergoing apoptosis do. This prevents nearby phagocytes from locating and engulfing the dead cells, leading to a build up of dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. For this reason, it is often necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically.

Causes

Cellular necrosis can be induced by a number of external sources, including injury, infection, cancer, infarction, poisons, and inflammation. For example, an infarction (blockage of blood flow to muscular tissue) causes necrosis of muscle tissue due to lack of oxygen to the affected cell, such as occurs in a myocardial infarction -- a heart attack. Certain spider (brown recluse) and snake (rattlesnake, Bothrops) venoms can cause necrosis of the tissue near the bite wound, as can a Group A streptococcus infection (one of the "flesh-eating" bacteria).

Necrotic tissue does not undergo the same chemical reactions that "normally" dying apoptotic tissue does. The sudden failure of one part of the cell triggers a so-called "cascade of events". In addition to the lack of chemical signals to the immune system, cells undergoing necrosis can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding tissue. In particular, cells contain small organelles called lysosomes, which are capable of digesting cellular material. Damage to the lysosome membrane can trigger release of the contained enzymes, destroying other parts of the cell. Worse, when these enzymes are released from the non-dead cell, they can trigger a chain reaction of further cell death. If a sufficient amount of contiguous tissue necrotizes, it is termed gangrene. Proper care and treatment of wounds or animal bites plays a key role in preventing this type of widespread necrosis. During a surgical biopsy, this necrosis chain-reaction is halted by fixation or freezing.

Necrosis typically begins with cell swelling, chromatin digestion, disruption of the plasma membrane and organelle membranes. Late necrosis is characterized by extensive DNA hydrolysis, vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum, organelle breakdown, and cell lysis. The release of intracellular content after plasma membrane rupture is the cause of inflammation in necrosis.

Morphologic patterns

There are seven distinctive morphologic patterns of necrosis:

  • Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic (low oxygen) environments, such as an infarction. Cell outlines remain after cell death and can be observed by light microscopy.
  • Liquefactive necrosis is usually associated with cellular destruction and pus formation (e.g. pneumonia). This is typical of bacterial or, sometimes, fungal infections because of their ability to stimulate an inflammatory reaction. Curiously, ischemia (restriction of blood supply) in the brain produces liquefactive, rather than coagulative, necrosis, due to the lack of any substantial supportive stroma.
  • Gummatous necrosis is restricted to necrosis involving spirochaetal infections (e.g. syphilis).
  • Haemorrhagic necrosis is due to blockage of the venous drainage of an organ or tissue (e.g. in testicular torsion).
  • Caseous necrosis is a specific form of coagulation necrosis typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis), fungi, and some foreign substances. It can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.
  • Fatty necrosis results from the action of lipases on fatty tissues (e.g. acute pancreatitis, breast tissue necrosis).
  • Fibrinoid necrosis is caused by immune-mediated vascular damage. It is marked by deposition of fibrin-like proteinaceous material in arterial walls, which appears smudgy and eosinophilic on light microscopy.

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Avascular Necrosis - Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

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MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Necrosis

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Avascular necrosis: All - MayoClinic.com

Avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis) — Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, causes, treatment of ... Avascular necrosis is death of bone tissue due to a ...www.mayoclinic.com/health/avascular-necrosis/DS00650/METHOD=...

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Avascular Necrosis

Avascular necrosis (also called osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, or ischemic ... If avascular necrosis occurs near a joint, collapse of the joint surface may occur. ...www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_bone/avascul.c...

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Study Shows Why Some Artery Plaques Are Deadlier Than Others

Medical News TodayA new US study found why a very small proportion of arterial plaques become deadly and lead to heart attack or stroke and why the vast majority others stay benign and apparently do no harm. The study was the work of researchers at Columbia University Medical Center, and New York University Medical Center, both in New York, and is published in the 6 May issue of Cell Metabolism.http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/149097.php

FDA Grants Accelerated Approval Of Avastin For Brain Cancer (Glioblastoma) That Has Progressed Following Prior Therapy

Medical News TodayGenentech, Inc. announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval of Avastin® (bevacizumab) for people with glioblastoma with progressive disease following prior therapy. The effectiveness of Avastin in this aggressive form of brain cancer is based on an improvement in objective response rate.http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/149080.php

What Separates Dangerous Blood Vessel Plaques From Benign Ones?

Medical News TodayResearchers say they have evidence to explain what separates your average blood vessel plaque from those that are at high risk for triggering the development of dangerous - even fatal - blood clots.http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/149069.php

Scientists pinpoint fats danger

BBC NewsScientists find a genetic mechanism which controls which fatty deposits in the arteries have the potential to kill us.http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/2/hi/health/8033205.stm

Scientists pinpoint fats danger

BBC NewsScientists find a genetic mechanism which appears to show which fatty deposits in the arteries have the potential to kill.http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/1/hi/health/8033205.stm

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FDA Safety Changes: Axert, Tarka, Macrobid, Macrodantin

Medscape NewsThe agency has received rare and sometimes fatal reports of hepatic reactions to nitrofurantoin, including hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice, chronic active hepatitis, and hepatic necrosis. Because the onset of chronic active hepatitis may be insidious ... http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/702396

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FDA Grants Accelerated Approval of Avastin for Brain Cancer ...

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Search results for Necrosis

necrosis - Definition of necrosis at YourDictionary.com

noun pl. necroses-·ses′ (-sēz′) the death or decay of tissue in a particular part of the body, as from loss of blood supply, burning, etc. Bot. death of plant tissue, as from ... http://www.yourdictionary.com/necrosis

necrosis - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

Definition of necrosis from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games.http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/necrosis

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Necrosis: Definition from Answers.com

necrosis ( nə′krōsəs ) ( medicine ) Death of a cell or group of cells as a result of injury, disease, or other pathologichttp://www.answers.com/topic/necrosis-1

Wikipedia results for Necrosis

Necrosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Necrosis (from the Greek νεκρός, "dead") is the name given to premature or unnatural death of cells and living tissue. Necrosis is caused by external factors, such as ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis

Necrosis (film) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Necrosis is an independent psychological thriller produced by Unknown Productions. The film began principal photography on January 19, 2008 in South Lake Tahoe California.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis_%28movie%29

Avascular necrosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Avascular necrosis (also osteonecrosis, aseptic (bone) necrosis, and ischemic bone necrosis [1]) is a disease resulting from the temporary or permanent loss of the blood supply to ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avascular_necrosis

Caseous necrosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Caseous necrosis describes a form of biological tissue death, caseous meaning it has a cheese-like appearance. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseous_necrosis

Liquefactive necrosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis) is a type of necrosis which is characteristic of focal bacterial or fungal infections. In liquefactive necrosis, the affected cell ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/colliquative_necrosis
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Ebm - Industrial, by Necrosis

Ebm - Industrial, by Necrosissong made by me, not complete, rate please.Flash - Video

Avascular necrosis by Dr Farshchian

Avascular necrosis by Dr FarshchianAvascular Necrosis as discussed by Dr Alimorad FarshchianVideo - Video

Necrosis En Sábado Gigante

Necrosis En Sábado GiganteNecrosis (Chilean Thrash Band) in the north-american latin TV show called 'Sábado Gigante' featurating 'Don Francisco'Flash - Video

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World famous, rhinoplasty surgeon, Dr. Jack Gunter, dicusses the allegations against him from a pati...World famous, rhinoplasty surgeon, Dr. Jack Gunter, dicusses the allegations against him from a patient that obtained infection and necrosis complications weeks after his surgery.Flash - Video

Avascular necrosis by Farshchian

Avascular necrosis by FarshchianAvascular Necrosis as discussed by Doctor Alimorad FarshchianFlash - Video

Answers for Necrosis

JLHow does skin necrosis from a spider bite takes place? Will it happen from the inside of the skin out?JLNecrosis is a depression rather than a bulge, it's an ulceration of underlying tissue, bites from a brown recluse are a common cause of necrosis. if it doesn't sink in and turn black i don't believe i...actionjacksonHow do I find out if my husband has avascular necrosis?actionjacksonSince you have no insurance, I would start at the closest county facility to save $. A plain xray of the hip might show radiographic findings suggestive of AVN; he will probably need further testing ...crashedDoes a torn rotator resemble avascular necrosis when looking at the results of an MRI?crashedA couple of thoughts...I'm not a radiologist, but my first question would be - were both of these docs radiologists? Because a torn rotator involves soft tissue and avascular necrosis involves bony ti...CuriousWhy does steroids cause avascular necrosis of the femural head?CuriousGood question. (femoral) Here's an excellent analysis from emedicine/WebMD updated recently in August 2008. Various mechanisms are discussed if you read this article, but the bottom line is that no...jendaferHow to measure apoptosis / necrosis in a cell culture system?jendaferThere are lots of apoptosis assays available. One good assay is the TUNEL (Terminal dUTP Nicked-End Labelling) assay, which can be used with FACS or in fluorescent microscopy. It uses a DNA ligase...
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