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In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties. It is further classified according to size: In terms of diameter, fine particles cover a range between 100 and 2500 nanometers, while ultrafine particles, on the other hand, are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. Similarly to ultrafine particles, nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers, though the size limitation can be restricted to two dimensions. Nanoparticles may or may not exhibit size-related intensive properties that differ significantly from those observed in fine particles or bulk materials.

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Wikipedia About Nanoparticle

In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties. It is further classified according to size: In terms of diameter, fine particles cover a range between 100 and 2500 nanometers, while ultrafine particles, on the other hand, are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. Similarly to ultrafine particles, nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers, though the size limitation can be restricted to two dimensions. Nanoparticles may or may not exhibit size-related intensive properties that differ significantly from those observed in fine particles or bulk materials.

NanoclustersFahlman, B. D. Materials Chemistry; Springer: Mount Pleasant, MI, 2007; Vol. 1, pp 282-283. have at least one dimension between 1 and 10 nanometers and a narrow size distribution. NanopowdersFahlman, B. D. Materials Chemistry; Springer: Mount Pleasant, MI, 2007; Vol. 1, pp 282-283. are agglomerates of ultrafine particles, nanoparticles, or nanoclusters. Nanometer sized single crystals, or single-domain ultrafine particles, are often referred to as nanocrystals. The term NanoCrystal® is a registered trademark of Elan Pharma International (EPIL) used in relation to EPIL's proprietary milling process and nanoparticulate drug formulations.

Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific research, due to a wide variety of potential applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. The National Nanotechnology Initiative has led to generous public funding for nanoparticle research in the United States.

History

Although generally nanoparticles are considered an invention of modern science, they actually have a very long history. Specifically, nanoparticles were used by artisans as far back as in the 9th century Mesopotamia for generating a glittering effect on the surface of pottery.

Even these days pottery from the Middle Ages and Renaissance often retain a distinct gold or copper colored metallic glitter. This so called lustre is caused by a metallic film that was applied to the transparent surface of a glazing. The lustre can still be visible if the film has resisted atmospheric oxidation and other weathering.

The lustre originates within the film itself, which contains silver and copper nanoparticles, dispersed homogeneously in the glassy matrix of the ceramic glaze. These nanoparticles were created by the artisans by adding copper and silver salts and oxides together with vinegar, ochre, and clay, on the surface of previously-glazed pottery. The object was then placed to a kiln and heated to about 600°C in a reducing atmosphere.

In the heat the glaze would soften, causing the copper and silver ions to migrate into the outer layers of the glaze. There the reducing atmosphere reduced the ions back to metals, which then came together forming the nanoparticles that give the colour and optical effects.

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First atomic -scale compositional images of fuel-cell nanoparticles

PhysOrg(PhysOrg.com) -- In a step toward developing better fuel cells for electric cars and more, engineers at MIT and two other institutions have taken the first images of individual atoms on and near the surface of nanoparticles key to the eco-friendly energy storage devices.http://www.physorg.com/news142162081.html

Sun Pharma Chooses FEI Solution for Nanoparticle Research at Advanced Centre in India

Centre Daily TimesFEI Company (Nasdaq: FEIC), a leading provider of high-resolution imaging and analysis systems, announced today the installation of a solution based upon FEI's Tecnai(TM) Spirit cryo-transmission electron microscope (TEM) and three-dimensional (3D) tomography software at Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Bombay Stock Exchange: SUN), Mumbai, India. Sun Pharmaceutical will use FEI's 3D imaging .....http://www.centredaily.com/business/technology/story/869758....

Sun Pharma Chooses FEI Solution for Nanoparticle Research at Advanced Centre in India

Business Wire via Yahoo! Finance HILLSBORO, Ore.----FEI Company , a leading provider of high-resolution imaging and analysis systems, announced today the installation of a solution based upon FEI's Tecnai™ Spirit cryo-transmission electron microscope and three-dimensional tomography software at Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. , Mumbai, India.http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/080929/20080929005286.html?.v=1

New International Specification Helps to Name Nano-Objects

American National Standards InstituteThe International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published its first technical specification (TS) to support the ever increasing array of industry sectors that are embracing the development of materials at the nanoscale.http://www.ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid...

Particles So Small That They Seep Right Through Skin

Medical News TodayScientists are finding that particles that are barely there - tiny objects known as nanoparticles that have found a home in electronics, food containers, sunscreens, and a variety of applications - can breech our most personal protective barrier: The skin. The particles under scrutiny by Lisa DeLouise, Ph.D., are almost unfathomably tiny.http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/123754.php

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Minerva uncovers stem cell growth factor

Mass High TechThe privately held company has raised about $12 million from private and angel investors, and through government grants and military contracts. The company shifted its strategy in 2001 to use its nanoparticle technology in-house to develop and ... http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2008/09/29/daily58-Miner...

UCSB center helps land $24M national center to study environmental ...

Genetic Engineering NewsCNS-UCSB researchers involved in the UC CEIN and our new collaborators look forward to assessing public perceptions of nanoparticle environmental hazards, and conducting systematic comparative analyses of risk and risk communication, as we work with ... http://www.genengnews.com/news/bnitem.aspx?name=43327103

Solterra Concludes Worldwide Exclusive License with Rice University

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United Press InternationalWe are unable to located the requested story, if you would like assistance in locating the requested story, please contact UPI support . CHICAGO, Oct. 9 (UPI) -- U.S. plastic surgeons say they have developed a procedure for women who want to restore ... http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Science/2007/04/18/nanoparticle...

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National Nanotechnology Initiative FAQ

What are engineered nanoparticles? Engineered nanoparticles refers to those that do not occur naturally but are created by people. People have been putting together different ... http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/faqs.html

PNNL: Research Highlights -Nano Science, Engineering, and Technology

Nano Science, Engineering, and Technology - Technical Staff ... Research. Bio-based Nanoparticles and Nanowire Formation. Authors Clamor To Read, Cite Article on Nanowires in ... http://www.pnl.gov/nano/research/

Do Nanoparticles and Sunscreen Mix?: Scientific American

Your first encounter with ... August 20, 2007 in Chemistry | 0 comments | Post a comment. Do Nanoparticles and Sunscreen Mix?http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=do-nanoparticles-and-sun...

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Pacific Nanotechnology provides products and services that facilitate advances in nanoparticle technology and research. Our products are optimized for research, development, and ... http://nanoparticles.pacificnano.com/

Nanoparticles May Pose Threat To Liver Cells, Say Scientists

Researchers at the University of Edinburgh are to study the effects of nanoparticles on the liver. In a UK first, the scientists will assess whether nanoparticles --already found ... http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/04/060405100447.ht...
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The Story of a Nanoparticle Start-UpInterview with Tom RademacherFlash - Video

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FDTD simulation of novel metallic nanoparticlesFDTD (3-D) simulation on nanoparticle giftset including Ag sphere, Au sphere, Au prism, and Au cube. Depending the shape and the sort of material ...Flash - Video

Answers for Nanoparticle

Louiegirl_Chicagohow large is a nanoparticle?Louiegirl_ChicagoHere are some examples of scaling. 1 meter ~ 1 yard (actually 39.37 inches) 1 mm = one one-thousandth of a meter, approximately 39.37 mils Micron 1 micron = 1 one-millionth of a meter (um...RichardicusWhats the difference between a bimetallic nanoparticle or an alloy nanoparticle?RichardicusBimetallic specifically refers to two metals only. An alloy can be multiple metals. A bimetallic nanoparticle can be an alloy but an alloy isn't necessarily bimetallic.harishahow nanoparticle used for drug delivery is eliminated out of body?harishaAnomaly 89Gold Nanoparticle and light question?Anomaly 89For macro-sized matter, the color of the material depends on the particular frequency of light which is absorbed by it. Only a selective frequency of light is absorbed because of quantized energy leve...Dragonsadding to nanoparticle solution?DragonsThe color of the nanoparticle suspension depends on the size of the aggregates of the nanoparticles (how much the particles stick together). The gold nanoparticles stick together better in the salt so...
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