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This definition has evolved as knowledge of the structure of molecules has increased. Earlier definitions were less precise defining molecules as the smallest particles of pure chemical substances that still retain their composition and chemical properties. This definition often breaks down since many substances in ordinary experience, such as rocks, salts, and metals, are composed of atoms or ions, but are not made of molecules.

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Wikipedia about Molecule

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This definition has evolved as knowledge of the structure of molecules has increased. Earlier definitions were less precise defining molecules as the smallest particles of pure chemical substances that still retain their composition and chemical properties. This definition often breaks down since many substances in ordinary experience, such as rocks, salts, and metals, are composed of atoms or ions, but are not made of molecules.

In the kinetic theory of gases the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of their composition. According to this definition noble gases would also be considered molecules despite the fact that they are composed of a single non-bonded atom.

History

The term "molecule", from the French molécule meaning "extremely minute particle," was coined by French philosopher Rene Descartes in the 1620s. Although the existence of molecules was accepted by many chemists since the early 19th century as a result of Dalton's laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions (1803-1808) and Avogadro's law (1811), there was some resistance among positivists and physicists such as Mach, Boltzmann, Maxwell, and Gibbs, who saw molecules merely as convenient mathematical constructs. The work of Perrin on Brownian motion (1911) is considered to be the final proof of the existence of molecules.

In a molecule, at least two atoms are joined by shared pairs of electrons in a covalent bond. It may consist of atoms of the same chemical element, as with oxygen (O2), or of different elements, as with water (H2O). Atoms and complexes connected by non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds are generally not considered single molecules.

No typical molecule can be defined for ionic (salts) and covalent crystals (network solids) which are composed of repeating unit cells that extend either in a plane (such as in graphite) or three-dimensionally (such as in diamond or sodium chloride).

The science of molecules is called molecular chemistry or molecular physics, depending on the focus. Molecular chemistry deals with the laws governing the interaction between molecules that results in the formation and breakage of chemical bonds, while molecular physics deals with the laws governing their structure and properties. In practice, however, this distinction is vague. In molecular sciences, a molecule consists of a stable system (bound state) comprising two or more atoms. Polyatomic ions may sometimes be usefully thought of as electrically charged molecules. The term unstable molecule is used for very reactive species, i.e., short-lived assemblies (resonances) of electrons and nuclei, such as radicals, molecular ions, Rydberg molecules, transition states, van der Waals complexes, or systems of colliding atoms as in Bose-Einstein condensates.

Search results for Molecule

I am not clear on what a molecule is. If...

What is a molecule? ... A molecule is what you get when any atoms join together. ... What is the difference between a compound and a molecule? ...education.jlab.org/qa/molecule_01.html

Molecular Cell

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News about Molecule

Enanta Initiates Phase 1 Study on EDP-322, an Oral Antibiotic With Activity Against Hospital- and Community-Acquired ...

PR Newswire via Yahoo! Finance Enanta Pharmaceuticals, a leader in the development of small molecule anti-infective drugs, announced today the initiation of a Phase 1 study on investigational oral antibiotic EDP-322, a first-in-class MRSA-active Bicyclolide, a novel macrolide-related drug class with a distinct resistance profile.http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/080915/nem070.html?.v=59

Amicus Therapeutics Opens Research Facility in San Diego

PR Newswire via Yahoo! Finance Amicus Therapeutics , a biopharmaceutical company developing small molecule, orally-administered pharmacological chaperones for the treatment of human genetic diseases, today announced that the company has leased laboratory space for a focused, small scale research facility in San Diego.http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/080915/lam511.html?.v=22

Shatner on comics, fame and the 'Star Trek' movie

Los Angeles TimesThe "Boston Legal" star doesn't know who he is without the spotlight. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-hc-shatner-link...

Urbana, Illinois September 15, 2008

SeedQuestA giant perennial grass used as a biofuels source has a much longer growing season than corn, and researchers think they've found the secret of its success. Their findings offer a promising avenue for developing cold-tolerant corn, an advance that would significantly boost per-acre yields.http://www.seedquest.com/News/releases/2008/september/23691....

Glenmark molecule set for phase I trials

Express IndiaGlenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd (India) has filed its molecule GBR 500 for Phase I trials with the US Food and Drug Administration, making it the first Indian company to have a novel biologic molecule that will be tested on humans.http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Glenmark-molecule-set-f...

News about Molecule

FDA: Traces of melamine are not harmful in foods

Detroit NewsWe are trying to identify products that have levels we are really concerned about, rather than trying to find the last molecule," said Sundlof. For example, melamine levels in imported Chinese candies recalled last week in California were as high as ... http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081004/L...

The Meltdown We Really Can't Afford

Huffingtonpost.comIf we don't get a handle on this positive feedback loop--which, let's be clear, is not a positive development--it's going to hang us all, and the future of our financial markets won't matter one molecule. Yes, it's awful that our nation's debt has ... http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kerry-trueman/the-meltdown-we-...

Helicos Ships Genetic Analysis System To Stanford University

ForbesHelicos' proprietary True Single Molecule Sequencing (tSMS)(TM) technology allows direct measurement of billions of strands of DNA, enabling scientists to perform experiments and ask questions never before possible. Helicos is a recipient of the $1 ... http://www.forbes.com/businesswire/feeds/businesswire/2008/1...

SRI wins contract to develop drugs to counter bioterrorism

MSNBCLing Jong, SRI’s medicinal chemistry program director, identify small molecule drugs to counter pathogen threats. The work on behalf of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency is the second program SRI has established with the DoD. In 2007, SRI ... http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27079235/

A list of recent Nobel Prize in chemistry winners

NewsdaySmalley, United States, for their discovery of "buckyballs," a type of soccer ball-shaped carbon molecule. — 1995: Paul Crutzen, Netherlands, and Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland, United States, for their work on the formation and ... http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-eu-swede...

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molecule - Definition at Your Dictionary

noun. the smallest particle of an element or compound that can exist in the free state and still retain the characteristics of the element or compound: the molecules of elements ... http://www.yourdictionary.com/molecule
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Answers for Molecule

Superashh

What happens on the molecular level when a polar molecule like water interacts with a typical sodium ion?

Superashh- The water molecule aligns such that the oxygen interacts with the sodium. That's the answer because the Oxygen will have a slight negative charge and the Sodium ion has a 1+ charge. Opposites a...
ken s

One function of proteins is being a control molecule. What are these special enzymes called, and what is their

ken sA few days ago I found in Yahoo Q/A, a very appropriate and consistent answer on the same subject matter. It was a best chosen answer and written by some YAHOO-ANSWERER, a Dr of molecular biology. Hi...
Joey

what is the difference between an PF3 molecule and an PF5 molecule and why is the shape different?

Joeyi am not sure about the difference of molecules but i do know why the shape are different. if you draw a lewis-dot diagram of a molecular compound, then it is going to look like F-P-F. all of them ha...
John R

What is the difference in structure between a water molecule and the compound water?

John R
wicky034

How can you tell if a molecule exhibits delocalized bonds?

wicky034A delocalized bond is where a double bond is spread out over the molecule. For example, when you draw benzene on paper, you might put down 3 double bonds and 3 single bonds. Looking at this, you w...

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