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Since protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged, if there are more electrons than protons, the atom or molecule will be negatively charged. This is called an anion ( ; an-eye-on), from the Greek ἀνά (ana), meaning 'up'.

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Wikipedia About Ions

Nitrate-ion-elpot.png

Since protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged, if there are more electrons than protons, the atom or molecule will be negatively charged. This is called an anion ( ; an-eye-on), from the Greek ἀνά (ana), meaning 'up'.

Conversely, if there are more protons than electrons, the atom or molecule will be positively charged. This is called a cation ( ; cat-eye-on), from the Greek κατά (kata), meaning 'down'.

An ion consisting of a single atom is called a monatomic ion. If it consists of two or more atoms, it is called a polyatomic ion. Polyatomic ions containing oxygen, such as carbonate and sulfate, are called oxyanions.

When writing the chemical formula for an ion, its charge is written as a superscript '+' or '−' following a number indicating the difference between the number of protons and the number of electrons. The number is omitted if it is equal to 1. For example, the sodium cation is written as Na+, the '+' indicating that it has one less electron than it has protons. The sulfate anion is written as SO42−, the '2−' indicating that it has two more electrons than it has protons.

If an ion contains unpaired electrons, it is called a radical ion. Just like neutral radicals, radical ions are very reactive.

Formation of monatomic ions

Monatomic ions are formed by the addition of electrons to the valence shell of the atom, or the losing of electrons from this shell. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively-charged atomic nucleus, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction. The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization.

Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation, but the more usual process of ionization encountered in chemistry is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules. This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ("closed shell") electronic configurations. For example, a sodium atom, Na, has a single electron in its valence shell, surrounding a stable, closed inner shell of 10 electrons. Since the 10-electron configuration is very stable, sodium "likes" to lose its extra electron so that it can attain to this stable configuration, becoming the sodium cation in the process:

Na → Na+ +

On the other hand, a chlorine atom, Cl, has 7 electrons in its valence shell, which is one short of the stable, filled shell with 8 electrons. Thus, chlorine "likes" to gain an extra electron in order to attain to the stable 8-electron configuration, becoming the chloride anion in the process:

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Chemists Develop New Preparation Process For Metal-organic Frameworks

Science DailyMany molecular materials, be they hydrogen for fuel cells or drugs, can be stored in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). This would even be possible for metal nano particles for catalysis, were there not one little hindrance: if the void spaces in the MOF are too large, a second embedded framework system automatically develops during the synthesis process. Scientists can now grow it layer-by-layer .....http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090504121919.ht...

New 'smart' polymer reduces radioactive waste at nuclear power plants

New KeralaWashington, May 11 : Scientists in Germany and India are reporting development of a new 'smart' polymer that reduces the amount of radioactive waste produced during routine operation of nuclear reactors.http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-36301.html

NOAA Predicts Mild Solar Storm Season

SpaceDailyby Staff Writers Washington DC (SPX) May 11, 2009 Although its peak is still four years away, a new active period of Earth-threatening solar storms will be the weakest since 1928, predicts an international panel of experts led by NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center and funded by NASA. Despite the prediction, Earth is still vulnerable to a severe solar storm.http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/NOAA_Predicts_Mild_Solar_S...

Why We Need to Reach the Stars (and We Will) [Space]

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Scientists create formula for perfect shower

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Woods Hole cell biologist wins Nobel Prize

Boston GlobeHe realized that there was seawater in the sink and that it was calcium ions in the seawater that had caused the chemical reaction. Strangely enough, the flash of light was not green like the edges of the jellyfish. It was blue. Johnson and Shimomura ... http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2008/10/woods...

Daily TWiP - "Cats" premieres on Broadway

Nashua TelegraphThe ionosphere contains particles called ions that are electrically charged by radiation from the sun. Negatively charged ions are anions, positively charged ions are called cations. Get it? Cat-ions? Quite the subtle pun there, T.S. Eliot. "Cats" is ... http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20...

Nobel prize for chemistry illuminates disease

Guardian UnlimitedHis idea was to design a molecule that could get into cells and change colour when it contacted calcium ions. It was a brilliant conception, combining chemistry and biology. He made the compound in [the chemistry department], then he went back to ... http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/oct/08/nobel.chemistr...

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Answers for Ions

xenon_ng54Ions......?xenon_ng54Iron can be ferric (+3) or ferrous (+2) All sulfide ions are (-2) All Zinc ions are (+2)Mrs Cleavers hairless beaverWhat are positive ions,how can I make them in my house and keep the bad ones away?Mrs Cleavers hairless beaverpositive ions are atoms with one or more less electrons, which were most likely given to negative ions (atoms with one or more more atoms) Salts (like NaCl (normal salt you put on your eggs)) consist ...PeanutWhat do calcium chloride ions do in an experiment of coagulating milk using rennin?PeanutRennin is an enzyme that converts the soluble milk protein caseinogen into the insoluble protein paracasein, producing the curd that can be processed into cheese or other milk products. Calcium ion is...ThunderGoalie30How to predict the number of protons and electrons in Ions?ThunderGoalie30a) 13 protons , 10 electrons , cation b)20 protons, 18 electrons, cation c)53 protons, 54 electrons, anion d) 19 protons, 18 electrons, cation Cations are + charged ions and anions are - charge...CoastalWhat ions are formed when the following are dissolved in water?Coastal2na(+) and so4(2-) co(2+) and cl(-) li(-) and co3(2-)
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