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A hernia is a protrusion of a tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the muscular tissue or the membrane by which it is normally contained. The hernia has three parts: the orifice through which it herniates, the hernial sac, and its contents.

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Wikipedia About Hernia

A hernia is a protrusion of a tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the muscular tissue or the membrane by which it is normally contained. The hernia has three parts: the orifice through which it herniates, the hernial sac, and its contents.

Pathophysiology

By far most hernias develop in the abdomen, when a weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a localized hole, or "defect", through which adipose tissue, or abdominal organs covered with peritoneum, may protrude. Another common hernia involves the intervertebral disc, and causes back pain or sciatica.

Hernias may present either with pain at the site, a visible or palpable lump, or in some cases by more vague symptoms resulting from pressure on an organ which has become "stuck" in the hernia, sometimes leading to organ dysfunction. Fatty tissue usually enters a hernia first, but it may be followed by or accompanied by an organ.

Most of the time, hernias develop when pressure in the compartment of the residing organ is increased, and the boundary is weak or weakened.

  • Weakening of containing membranes or muscles is usually congenital (which explains part of the tendency of hernias to run in families), and increases with age (for example, degeneration of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc), but it may be on the basis of other illnesses, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome, stretching of muscles during pregnancy, losing weight in obese people, etc., or because of scars from previous surgery.
  • Many conditions chronically increase intra-abdominal pressure, (pregnancy, ascites, COPD, dyschezia, benign prostatic hypertrophy) and hence abdominal hernias are very frequent. Increased intracranial pressure can cause parts of the brain to herniate through narrowed portions of the cranial cavity or through the foramen magnum. Increased pressure on the intervertebral discs, as produced by heavy lifting or lifting with improper technique, increases the risk of herniation.

Characteristics

Hernias can be classified according to their anatomical location:

Examples include:

  • abdominal hernias
  • diaphragmatic hernias and hiatal hernias (for example, paraesophageal hernia of the stomach)
  • pelvic hernias, for example, obturator hernia
  • hernias of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
  • intracranial hernias

Each of the above hernias may be characterised by several aspects:

  • congenital or acquired: congenital hernias occur prenatally or in the first year(s) of life, and are caused by a congenital defect, whereas acquired hernias develop later on in life. However, this may be on the basis of a locus minoris resistentiae (Lat. place of least resistance) that is congenital, but only becomes symptomatic later in life, when degeneration and increased stress (for example, increased abdominal pressure from coughing in COPD) provoke the hernia.
  • complete or incomplete: for example, the stomach may partially herniate into the chest, or completely.
  • internal or external: external ones herniate to the outside world, whereas internal hernias protrude from their normal compartment to another (for example, mesenteric hernias).
  • intraparietal hernia: hernia that does not reach all the way to the subcutis, but only to the musculoaponeurotic layer. An example is a Spigelian hernia. Intraparietal hernias may produce less obvious bulging, and may be less easily detected on clinical examination.
  • bilateral: in this case, simultaneous repair may be considered, sometimes even with a giant prosthetic reinforcement.
  • irreducible (also known as incarcerated): the hernial contents cannot be returned to their normal site with simple manipulation.

Search results for Hernia

Hernia - Wikipedia

User-edited article about hernia, a protrusion of a tissue, structure, or part of an organ through weak muscular tissue. Includes characteristics, treatment, types, and hernia in pop culture.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia

Hernia - eMedicineHealth

Provides an overview of hernias and their causes, symptoms, and treatment.www.emedicinehealth.com/hernia/article_em.htm

Hiatal Hernia - WebMD

Information about the hernia of the stomach bulging up into the chest through hiatus. Includes description and information about surgical treatment.www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/hiatal-hernia

Hernia - MedlinePlus

Information about hernia, the condition where an internal organ bulges through a weak area of muscle, usually in the abdomen. Includes overview, treatment, and related online resources.www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hernia.html

hernia: Definition from Answers.com

More about Hernia: Causes and symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Alternative treatment Prognosis Prevention Resources Hernia Definition Hernia is a generalwww.answers.com/topic/hernia

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News about Hernia

Curtis not yet in game shape

Courier-PostKevin Curtis remembers how teammate L.J. Smith's recovery from sports-hernia surgery transpired last season.http://www.courierpostonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/...

Curtis trying to avoid repeat of Smith's mistake

The News JournalPHILADELPHIA -- Kevin Curtis remembers how L.J. Smith's recovery from sports hernia surgery transpired last season.http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20081003/SPORTS02/8100...

Day expects quick return

Footy MadAldershot Town captain Rhys Day is hoping to be back in action within a matter of weeks after undergoing surgery on a hernia problem.http://www.footymad.net/storytext.asp?article=271785

Reduced fees for surgical procedures

Times of MaltaSt Anne's Clinic in Birkirkara is offering reduced fees for a number of surgical procedures. The operations include knee arthroscopy, dilatation and curettage (D&C), colonoscopy, gastroscopy and hernia procedures.http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20081003/local/red...

Inside Slant

USA TodayFueled by Drew Brees' league-high 1,343 yards through the air, the Saints are leading the NFL in passing yards with 327.2 yards per game.http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/saints/home.htm?...

News about Hernia

Report: Terence Newman has sports hernia

Cowboysblog.dallasnews.comESPN's Ed Werder reports that CB Terence Newman's abdominal injury has been diagnosed as a sports hernia. If surgery is necessary, Newman will miss at least six weeks. "It had been painful, but it wasn't something in those first two games where I ... http://cowboysblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2008/10/report-te...

Ask the doctor: Do I need to have a hernia op?

Daily MailDr Martin Scurr has been treating patients for more than 30 years and is one of the country's leading GPs. Here he tackles hiatus hernia and children's runny noses... I have been diagnosed with a hiatus hernia. I know what it is but I want to know ... http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1070589/Ask-doctor...

Rams defender Albrechtsen's hernia op

This is DerbyshireDERBY County defender Martin Albrechtsen is to have a hernia operation today and will be out for a month. The news is a huge blow because Albrechtsen has formed a key centre-back partnership with Dean Leacock in the Rams' unbeaten run of six matches ... http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/sport/Rams-defender-Albrec...

Bollywood megastar in hospital

StuffMumbai media says Bachchan, who turned 66 on Saturday, may be suffering from incisional hernia, a recurring problem that has been troubling him since the near-fatal accident on the sets of 'Coolie' in 1982. His son, fellow actor Abhishek who is ... http://www.stuff.co.nz/4725694a1860.html

Medics cleared over death of hernia op man

This is SouthamptonA DOCTOR and two consultant surgeons have been cleared of misconduct over the death of a Hampshire businessman. Ian Bailey, Fabian Plaatjies and James Smallwood were exonerated after a three-week hearing at the General Medical Council. All three were ... http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3731040.Medics_cleared_over_...

Search results for Hernia

National Ambulatory Hernia Institute

Current medical patient on the surgical repair of hernias. Including: inguinal, groin, incisional, umbilical, femoral and ventral, by leading hernia surgeons.http://www.hernia.com/

Hernia Resource - Medical and patient information about hernias ...

Surgeons and patients information about surgery with the polypropilene hernia system (PHS).http://www.herniasolutions.com/

MedlinePlus: Hernia

Hernia ... National Institutes of Health. The primary NIH organization for research on Hernia is the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseaseshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hernia.html

Hernia Causes, Symptoms, Types and Treatment on eMedicineHealth

Read about hernia causes, symptoms, treatments (surgery), types (inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, spigelian, epigastric, and obturator) and risks (strangulated hernia).http://www.emedicinehealth.com/hernia/article_em.htm

HERNIA INFORMATION

What is a Hernia? ... A hernia (rupture) is usually noticed as a lump, commonly in the groin or the umbilical region.http://www.hernia.org/whatsport.html
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Answers for Hernia

Justpeachy243How bad is a hernia for a puppy?Justpeachy243Hernias are common in puppies, and it's great that your breeder is willing to correct the problem for you. They rarely cause a problem with the dog's health, and most actually correct themselves as t...merika2324How do you relieve pain from a hernia when you are pregnant and unable to have surgery right away?merika2324Eat lighter meals. Walk after meals, lay off the soda, drink more water, never lay down after a meal. Loosen your clothing. Some times a gas pill helps.Sean MWhat are the symtomes of a inguinal hernia?Sean MThe earliest symptom of an inguinal hernia is a feeling of outward pressure ,or a dragging sensation, in the inguinal region while standing, coughing or straining. Even no symptoms may be present. In...isnowHow long after hernia surgery till i can snowboard?isnow4 - 6 weeks is pretty normal healing time. Get it checked just before you go.theroadwetakeHow long after hernia surgery to test sexual function?theroadwetakeWaiting really isn't an option. It is healty for you to wait at least 3 weeks after sometimes even 2 months to have actually start having sex. But I'm sure after about 2 weeks you could attempt to mas...
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