Granite ( ) is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite has a medium to coarse texture, occasionally with some individual crystals larger than the groundmass forming a rock known as porphyry. Granites can be pink to dark gray or even black, depending on their chemistry and mineralogy. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors, and rounded massifs. Granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels.

Granite is nearly always massive (lacking internal structures), hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use as a construction stone. The average density of granite is 2.75 g/cm³ and its viscosity at standard temperature and pressure is ~4.5 • 10¹⁹ Pa·s

The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a crystalline rock.

Mineralogy

Chemical composition

A worldwide average of the average proportion of the different chemical components in granites, in descending order by weight percent, is:

• SiO₂ — 72.04%
• Al₂O₃ — 14.42%
• K₂O — 4.12%
• Na₂O — 3.69%
• CaO — 1.82%
• FeO — 1.68%
• Fe₂O₃ — 1.22%
• MgO — 0.71%
• TiO₂ — 0.30%
• P₂O₅ — 0.12%
• MnO — 0.05%

Based on 2485 analyses

Occurrence

Granite has been intruded into the crust of the Earth during all geologic periods, although much of it is of Precambrian age. Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the continental crust of the Earth and is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin sedimentary veneer of the continents.

Origin

Geochemical origins

Granitoids are a ubiquitous component of the crust. They have crystallized from magmas that have compositions at or near a eutectic point (or a temperature minimum on a cotectic curve). Magmas will evolve to the eutectic because of igneous differentiation, or because they represent low degrees of partial melting. Fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in iron, magnesium, titanium, calcium and sodium, and enrich the melt in potassium and silicon - alkali feldspar (rich in potassium) and quartz (SiO₂), are two of the defining constituents of granite.