Cycling is the use of bicycles, or - less commonly - unicycles, tricycles, quadricycles and other similar wheeled human powered vehicles (HPVs) as a means of transport, a form of recreation or a sport. It is done on roads and paths, across open country or even over snow and ice (icebiking).

Bicycles, the most common form of cycle, were introduced in the 19th century and now number about one billion worldwide. They are the principal means of transportation in many regions.

Bicycling is a highly efficient mode of transportation 1 and useful for short to moderate distances. Compared to motor vehicles, bicycles have numerous benefits including: using no nonrenewable energy, creating no air pollution, contributing less to traffic conjestion, much quieter (virtually silent), great form of exercise, much easier and less costly to park, not deadly, very maneuverable, not restricted to road travel, less costly.2 Criticisms and downsides to cycling commonly include: less protection during crashes with motor vehicles 3, longer travel time, no barrier during "bad" weather, not able to take passengers, more physically demanding, perspiration in hot weather or on long climbs.

Introduction

As a sport, cycling is governed internationally by the Union Cycliste Internationale in Switzerland (for upright bicycles) and by the International Human Powered Vehicle Association (for other HPVs, or human-powered vehicles). Cycling for transport and touring is promoted on a European level by the European Cyclists' Federation, with associated members from Great Britain, Japan and elsewhere. Regular conferences on cycling as transport are held under the auspices of Velo City; global conferences are coordinated by Velo Mondial.

Equipment

main: bicycle

thumb|right|Utility bicycle featuring rear internal hub brake, chaincase and mudguards, kickstand for parking, permanently attached dynamo-powered lamps and upswept handlebars for a more comfortable grip position.

In many countries, the most commonly used vehicle for road transport is a utility bicycle. These have frames with relaxed geometry, protecting the rider from shocks from the road, and easing steering at low speeds.

Road bikes tend to have a more upright shape and a shorter wheelbase, which make the bike more mobile but harder to ride slowly. The design, coupled with low or dropped handlebars, requires the rider to bend forward more, utilizing stronger muscles and reducing air resistance at high speed.