Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents," where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."
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Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics A blog about Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics. ... the game, creating artificial stupidity, fake stupidity. ...smart-machines.blogspot.com/Artificial Intelligence Blog
Artificial Intelligence Blog. A general discussion of AI covering theory, tools ... working in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) since the early 1980s and ...markwatson.com/aiblog/The Singularity Institute Blog
... feature length documentary films Friendly AI Friendly Artificial Intelligence ... © 2007 Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Inc. ...www.singinst.org/blog/Watson, Mark
Artificial Intelligence. My stepson's blog. Fun stuff. Music. Videos. Flickr photos. Picasa photos ... of my "Artificial Intelligence Programming in Ruby" ...www.markwatson.com/The Singularity Institute Blog : artificial intelligence
"Pathways to Artificial Intelligence," with Barney Pell, Powerset CEO. In artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, podcasts, quantum computing, ...www.singinst.org/blog/index.php?tag=artificial-intelligenceArtificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents," where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."
The field was founded on the claim that a central property of human beings, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. Dartmouth proposal:
AI research is highly technical and specialized, so much so that some critics decry the "fragmentation" of the field. Fractioning of AI into subfields:
- Harvnb: 1998
- Harvnb: 1999 and Harvnb: 2005
AI in myth, fiction and speculation
Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the golden robots of Hephaestus and Pygmalion's Galatea. Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in many ancient societies; some of the earliest being the sacred statues worshipped in Egypt and Greece, and including the machines of Yan Shi, Hero of Alexandria, Al-Jazari or Wolfgang von Kempelen. It was widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Geber, Judah Loew and Paracelsus. Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes, fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artificial intelligence.
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, considers a key issue in the ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can be created that has intelligence, could it also feel? If it can feel, does it have the same rights as a human being? The idea also appears in modern science fiction: the film Artificial Intelligence: A.I. considers a machine in the form of a small boy which has been given the ability to feel human emotions, including, tragically, the capacity to suffer. This issue, now known as "robot rights", is currently being considered by, for example, California's Institute for the Future, although many critics believe that the discussion is premature.
Another issue explored by both science fiction writers and futurists is the impact of artificial intelligence on society. In fiction, AI has appeared as a servant (R2D2 in Star Wars), a law enforcer (K.I.T.T. "Knight Rider"), a comrade (Lt. Commander Data in Star Trek), a conqueror (The Matrix), a dictator (With Folded Hands), an exterminator (Terminator, Battlestar Galactica), an extension to human abilities (Ghost in the Shell) and the saviour of the human race (R. Daneel Olivaw in the Foundation Series). Academic sources have considered such consequences as: a decreased demand for human labor; the enhancement of human ability or experience; Singularity, transhumanism:
