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Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of antibiotics. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves via natural selection acting upon random mutation, but it can also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. Once such a gene is generated, bacteria can then transfer the genetic information in a horizontal fashion (between individuals) by plasmid exchange. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. The term antimicrobial resistance is sometimes used to explicitly encompass organisms other than bacteria.

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Wikipedia About Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of antibiotics. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves via natural selection acting upon random mutation, but it can also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. Once such a gene is generated, bacteria can then transfer the genetic information in a horizontal fashion (between individuals) by plasmid exchange. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. The term antimicrobial resistance is sometimes used to explicitly encompass organisms other than bacteria.

Antibiotic resistance can also be introduced artificially into a microorganism through transformation protocols. This can aid in implanting artificial genes into the microorganism. If the resistance gene is linked with the gene to be implanted, the antibiotic can be used to kill off organisms that lack the new gene.

Causes and risk factors

Antibiotic resistance can be a result of horizontal gene transfer, and also of unlinked point mutations in the pathogen genome and a rate of about 1 in 108 per chromosomal replication. The antibiotic action against the pathogen can be seen as an environmental pressure; those bacteria which have a mutation allowing them to survive will live on to reproduce. They will then pass this trait to their offspring, which will result in a fully resistant colony.

Several studies have demonstrated that patterns of antibiotic usage greatly affect the number of resistant organisms which develop Fact: date=July 2008. Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as second- and third-generation cephalosporins, greatly hastens the development of methicillin resistance. Other factors contributing towards resistance include incorrect diagnosis, unnecessary prescriptions, improper use of antibiotics by patients, the impregnation of household items and children's toys with low levels of antibiotics, and the administration of antibiotics by mouth in livestock for growth promotion.

Researchers have recently demonstrated the bacterial protein LexA may play a key role in the acquisition of bacterial mutations.

Mechanisms

The four main mechanisms by which microorganisms exhibit resistance to antimicrobials are:

  1. Drug inactivation or modification: e.g. enzymatic deactivation of Penicillin G in some penicillin-resistant bacteria through the production of β-lactamases.
  2. Alteration of target site: e.g. alteration of PBP—the binding target site of penicillins—in MRSA and other penicillin-resistant bacteria.
  3. Alteration of metabolic pathway: e.g. some sulfonamide-resistant bacteria do not require para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an important precursor for the synthesis of folic acid and nucleic acids in bacteria inhibited by sulfonamides. Instead, like mammalian cells, they turn to utilizing preformed folic acid.
  4. Reduced drug accumulation: by decreasing drug permeability and/or increasing active efflux (pumping out) of the drugs across the cell surface.

Search results for Antibiotic Resistance

The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

Antibiotic resistance ... increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an outcome of ... The antibiotic does not technically cause the resistance, but ...www.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.html

Home | CDC Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance

Information on antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance. Provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. ... and Answers about Antibiotic Resistance ...www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/

Antibiotic Resistance (Drug Resistance, Antimicrobial Resistance ...

Learn more about the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, including an overview, causes, and how you can protect yourself from deadly infections.www.medicinenet.com/antibiotic_resistance/article.htm

Antimicrobial Resistance: Waking Up to the Challenge

The advent of the antibiotic era has profoundly reduced the suffering and ... of the battle against antibiotic resistance, which has steadily increased over ...www.antibioticresistancecme.com/

Evolution: Library: Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

... "The Evolutionary Arms Race" follows the progression of antibiotic resistance. When a sick person takes antibiotics, the drugs begin to kill off the bacteria. ...www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_03.html

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News about Antibiotic Resistance

Theory shows mechanism behind delayed development of antibiotic resistance

EurekAlert!( Uppsala University ) Inhibiting the "drug efflux pumps" in bacteria, which function as their defence mechanisms against antibiotics, can mask the effect of mutations that have led to antiobioticresistance. This is shown by researchers at Uppsala University in and can provide clues to how the development of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria can be delayed.http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-05/uu-tsm050509....

Theory shows mechanism behind delayed development of antibiotic resistance

PhysOrgInhibiting the "drug efflux pumps" in bacteria, which function as their defence mechanisms against antibiotics, can mask the effect of mutations that have led to resistance in the form of low-affinity drug binding to target molecules in the cell. This is shown by researchers at Uppsala University in a new study that can provide clues to how the development of resistance to antibiotics in ...http://www.physorg.com/news160752967.html

Seattle Times reporters given Poe award for MRSA series

Seattle TimesTwo Seattle Times reporters were honored Saturday night at the annual White House Correspondents Dinner for their three-part series "Culture of Resistance," an investigation into the unchecked rise of MRSA infections in the state's hospitals.http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009202191_a...

Indeed, CAFOs have their critics

AG WeeklyIn a previous column in this series we looked at the development of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) from the perspective of farmers who at each step undertook the changes in order to stabilize or increase farm income while at the same time reducing risk.http://www.agweekly.com/articles/2009/05/10/news/opinion/opi...

New Paint Shows Germ-Fighting Potential

HealthDay via Yahoo! NewsSATURDAY, May 9 (HealthDay News) A new antimicrobial paint kills disease-causing bacteria, mold, fungi and viruses, said the U.S. scientists who created the product.http://news.yahoo.com/s/hsn/20090509/hl_hsn/newpaintshowsger...

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Research News

Health 24Sea sponge may fight superbugs 17/2/2009 A compound from a sea sponge was able to reverse antibiotic resistance in several strains of bacteria, making once-resistant strains succumb to readily available antibiotics. ... http://www.health24.com/news/Research/1-3132.asp

Another View: School districts should keep milk rBGH-free

Statesman JournalThe FDA approved rBGH in 1993 despite concerns of many scientists and government leaders about inadequate research on its side effects — including risks of cancer, mastitis and antibiotic resistance. Since then, significant health concerns about ... http://www.statesmanjournal.com/article/20090313/OPINION/903...

PolyMedix’s CEO to Present at Noble Financial Capital Markets

MSN MoneyCentral ... compounds, including PMX-30063 – small molecule mimetics of human host-defense proteins - have a completely different mechanism of action from current antibiotic drugs, a mechanism which is intended to make bacterial resistance ... http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.as...

Successful MRSA Wound Disinfection Study Announced by Ondine

EarthtimesPhotodisinfection provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy without encouraging the formation and spread of antibiotic resistance. The Company is based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with a research and development laboratory in Bothell ... http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/successful-mrsa-woun...

People's Pharmacy: Can the FDA be fixed?

Houston ChronicleNevertheless, Ranbaxy’s generic versions of drugs such as the cholesterol-lowering medicine simvastatin or the antibiotic ... This might be helping my insulin resistance, which made it hard for me to lose weight before. A. When cells don’t respond ... http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/main/6312401.html

Search results for Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic Resistance

Bugs and Drugs on the Web - all about antibiotic resistancehttp://www.antibioticresistance.org.uk/

FCIC: Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic Resistance. PDF Version Spanish Version. Antibiotic drugs can save lives. But some germs get so strong that they can resist the drugs.http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/health/antibioticres/resi...

Combating Antibiotic Resistance

Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to antibiotic resistance, a phenomenon that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of antibiotics.http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/antibiotics050108.html

Antibiotic Resistance

Summary Points. Antibiotic resistance causes tens of thousands of deaths each year. Almost all infections could be controlled, but finding an effective antibiotic (because of ... http://www.accelr8.com/antibiotic_resistance.php

Evolution: Library: Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

This silent animation created for Evolution: "The Evolutionary Arms Race" follows the progression of antibiotic resistance. When a sick person takes antibiotics, the drugs begin to ... http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_03.html

Wikipedia results for Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of antibiotics. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves via natural ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance

Antibiotic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Any antibiotic resistance may impose a biological cost and the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria may be hampered by the reduced fitness associated with the resistance which ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic

File:Antibiotic resistance.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Antibiotic_resistance.svg ‎ (SVG file, nominally 300 × 550 pixels, file size: 24 KB)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antibiotic_resistance.svg

Multidrug resistance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 16(2): 357-72. ^ Gary Stix (April 2006). "An Antibiotic Resistance Fighter". Scientific American 294 (4): 81–83.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidrug_resistance

Multiple drug resistance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ISBN 978-1-904455-49-3. ^ Gary Stix (April 2006). "An Antibiotic Resistance Fighter". Scientific American 294 (4): 81–83. ^ http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=WO2002076439 ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance
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Answers for Antibiotic Resistance

shane200388Antibiotic Resistance?shane200388Responsible? Doctors AND patients. Doctors have over-prescribed antibiotics for YEARS and a lot of patients bug them to prescribe them. Most of the time, you have a virus and the antibiotic is wort...Angela WWhat Can Cause A Change In Antibiotic Resistance For A Bacterium?Angela WIt probably isn't a good idea to use an actual antibiotic, but the principle of developing bacterial strains with resistance to an inhibitory chemical would make a good experiment. The only thing to...katHow has the application of antibiotics towards viral infections contributed to antibiotic resistance?katThe way I am understanding is your asking why does our body become immune to some antibiotics, and thus making them stop working. My sons doctor told me it was because if you keep using the same anti...LJHWhat are four ways that we can combat antibiotic resistance?LJH1 -- quit using triclosan in antibacterial soaps or as an additive to plastics. It only strenghtens the bacteria that survive. Use plain soap followed by alcohol-based hand gel instead. 2 -- do...mr kHow do bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?mr kresistance can develop from overuse of antibacterials... or use of antibacterials to treat disorders that could be treated with weaker antibacterials. it arises from gene mutations and also can be con...
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