for: Aggression (war crime)

In psychology, as well as other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause pain or harm. Predatory or defensive behavior between members of different species is not normally considered "aggression." Aggression takes a variety of forms among humans and can be physical, mental, or verbal. Aggression should not be confused with assertiveness, although the terms are often used interchangeably among laypeople, e.g. an aggressive salesperson.

There are two broad categories of aggression. These include hostile, affective, or retaliatory aggression and instrumental, predatory, or goal-oriented aggression.Behar, D., J. Hunt, A. Ricciuti, D. Stoff, and B. Vitiello. "Subtyping Aggression in Children and Adolescents." The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 2 (1990): 189-192. 7 Dec. 2006 <http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/2/2/189>McElliskem, Joseph E. "Affective and Predatory Violence: a Bimodal Classification System of Human Aggression and Violence." Aggression & Violent Behavior 10 (2004): 1-30. 7 Dec. 2006 <http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16141579> Empirical research indicates that there is a critical difference between the two, both psychologically and physiologically. Some research indicates that people with tendencies toward affective aggression have lower IQs than those with tendencies toward predatory aggression.name="beharetal1990" If only considering physical aggression, males tend to be more aggressive than females. One explanation for this difference is that females are physically weaker than men, and so need to resort to other means.Bjorkqvist,Kaj.“Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: a review of recent research.”Sex Roles: A Journal of Research.1994 Feb. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_n3-4_v30/ai_15383471 Females of different cultures have a variety of non physical means to cause harm to their husbands. On Bellona Island, a culture based on male dominance and physical violence, women tend to get into conflicts with other women more frequently than with men. When in conflict with males, they rarely use physical means. They instead make up songs mocking the man, which spread across the island and humiliate him. If a woman wanted to kill a man, she would either convince her relatives to kill him or hire an assassin. These are both forms of indirect aggression since the aggressor (female) is trying to hurt someone without putting herself in direct danger Bjorkqvist,Kaj.“Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: a review of recent research.”Sex Roles: A Journal of Research.1994 Feb. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_n3-4_v30/ai_15383471 .