Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. Near complete deficiency of insulin and elevated levels of certain stress hormones increase the chance of a DKA episode. DKA is more common among Type I diabetics, but may also occur in Type II diabetics, particularly during periods of increased physiologic stress, such as during an infection. Patients with new, undiagnosed Type I diabetes frequently present to hospitals with DKA. DKA can also occur in a known diabetic who fails to take prescribed insulin, or in diabetics who fall sick due to illnesses such as pneumonia or a kidney infection. DKA was a major cause of death in Type I diabetics before insulin injections were available; untreated DKA has a high mortality rate.

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